Business Report on BidTaxi Services Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Write a well presented report for the above outlining the business operation to the Ministry of Public Transportation. Provide any three recommendations that are well substantiated with journal literature and referenced correctlyto supportthis service? 2.Provide any two suggestions into improving business service/operation offerings substantiated with current literature? Answers: 1. In the current times, it has been seen that the public transport has been able to bring a major advancement in the facility to handle the transportation in the world. The different services provided for travel include the cab services which is one of the most influenced modes of public transport. It has been able to bring a revolution to the field of public transportation where a proper facility of the pick-up and the drop-off is possible at the location. BidTaxi is seen to be the effective way for solving the problem of the people who demand transport services. it comes for the customer and for the drivers (Christensen, Raynor McDonald, 2015). In the customer format applications, there are different customers who register themselves with the experience of getting the best cab services. The other format is the driver where the focus is on how the users become partners with the taxi service. The BidTaxi tends to grab the different customers and the driver who is coming from the pu blic. It is the way which is different from the other cab services as BidTaxi helps in providing the customers with the hiring of the driver for their journey. The application helps in highlighting the different ways with most suitable drivers working with information related standards. The customers accept the bid of the most suitable drivers. Through this, BidTaxi can provide the proper and effective services to the customer depending upon their budget (Crittenden, Crittenden Crittenden, 2015). The driver gets a full opportunity for selecting or rejecting the driver at the time of invitation in a journey with the suggestion that the journey cost will be as per their demands. Bid Taxi also work on the Business Operations which are effective for the customers and easy for the company as well, to keep a track of the travel. The booking operations are made through the use of the smartphone, or mainly by the website. Here, the application makes use of the different information system standards like the DSS, MIS, TPS or the Expert System (Cramer Kruege, 2016). The DSS is Decision Support System, which is able to handle the decisions which are made by the client, wherein they can help in canceling or booking for a ride. MIS is the Management Information System, and TPS is the Transportation Processing System which is able to handle the different processes in an effective manner. The business operations included are: The booking: It is the effective feature where BidTaxi works on grabbing the request of the customer for the service, through its application (Sheppard, 2017). This feature is effectively set to provide the different drivers to the customer. With this, there is a possibility that the customer can easily select the bid for the particular travel which will include the journey cost and the facilities, that will be provided during the trip (Bashir, Yousaf, Verma, 2016). The booking feature includes the way to demand the car booking with boost-up in the growth of business. Dispatching The operations are set to work over the efficiency to deploy the manual setting of allowance. This ensures that the customer can easily book the cab and then expect a proper arrival of the taxi at a particular time. The deployment of allowance time is important as this helps in making the BidTaxi different from the other cabs services, where the allowance time is important for the improvement in the growth of the demands for the cab service business. Maintenance The standards are defined to handle the advancement and flexibility of the system, where the customers and the drivers are able to share the details so that the customer knows with whom he/she is traveling (Tan, Tan, Lu, Land, 2017). The documents like the ID Proof or the credit card or debit card etc, which is managed by the company through the command software service. This software is important to make the system reliable and robust. With this, the information which is related to the driver or the customer is secured with BidTaxi to maintain their privacy. The taxi cabs which run for man more miles need to have the regular oil change, brake work, and the alignment of the wheels. This is important to ensure a safe travel for the customer. Accounting This includes the operations which are based on the different hands-on accounting practices. It generally helps the company to keep a proper track of the journey with the differentiation factor for proper charges. This is the important part to handle the invoice of the client, driver management invoice and the scanned documents of the driver. They are also visible over the system of BidTaxi to help the customer know about the rating to the car and the driver. With this approach, one can bring in more and more customers bidding to hire a taxi over the different applications. This is automatically to bring in major improvements in the business as well (Schatzinger Lim, 2015). Human Resources With the modern changes, the basicity is to manage the human resources in an effective manner. The HR of BidTaxi should communicate with the employees to know about their personal experience (Chiaroni et al., 2015). This helps in improving the customer experience along with handling other business operations like the financial accounts, insurance policies etc. Recommendations It is important to keep on improving the experience of travel for the customer. Hence, BidTaxi works on improving their system accuracy for the Riders pick up location, where the GPS related services are important to be improved. This can be done by effectively placing the building names. Entering in the wrong entrance or the wrong side of the road is a major problem for the transport services which wastes the time of the customer and the rider as well. It has not been always possible for the passengers to contact the driver with regards to the right location, and sometimes it is seen that the customers are also not allowed to contact the driver. This is mainly so that the driver rating is maintained. The use of Bluetooth and the Wi-Fi connections helps in improving the detection of proximity to the driver. The detailed information is important for the driver as it will help in finding out the right location in a proper manner. The placing of information at the right location, using the name of building at the time of booking the cab and the other landmark near the house will help in less wastage of time. Here, the customers are also provided with better services of transport will help in identifying the location over the navigation map as well. The improvement in the quality needs to be done on a regular basis for the customers by the drivers. The training program is important for the good and effective rating, where drivers need to be given better communication lessons that will help in talking politely with the customers. Apart from this, the traffic rules should be adequately followed by the people. Well-Communicated procedures are recommended, with proper training. It is important for the company to retain some potential customers who avail the services frequently by providing them discounts. There is surge pricing at times when the demand for the vehicle is more, and the number of cars is less. At this time even, the company should try to give the minimal rates to their regular clients. It will ensure the customer retention. The change in costs tend to de-motivate the customers and they prefer to use buses or metros for a cheaper travel, as it is not possible for everybody to bear the expenses. Hence, a proper track wi th an estimated price limit option should be given, wherein the customer adds the price. If the price matches to the requirement and the budget of the travel, then the company can provide them with the same price. This could be done for some accounts only. BidTaxi can provide a better comfort for the old age people, children and the women wherein few vehicle services should be for the people in handling the transportation services to the children, women or the old age people. It is important to determine the customer data which is important for their safety. It will make sure that the information is secured over the network and this will help the intruders with properly accessing the data which has been stored in the system. The system can also provide the drivers with the recommendation will be profitable for them. The company can also take a review or the feedback for the ride taken, which will include a certain section where customers enter their experience. The feedback can be helpful for the drivers to improve and the company as well (Weiss et al., 2017). 2. It is important to learn to take hold off or completely remove the distractions and training with regards to safety skills. The driver needs to understand the safety before opting for driving. The chirping instructions from the phone for the navigation can be a problem for some drivers, and the regular ringing on the wireless phones as well (Parker, Van Alstyne Choudary, 2016). The drivers can get distracted easily through this. It is important to take care of such incidences. The destruction can lead to many problems like road accidents etc. Hence, it is important for the driver to get a proper training to attend the calls and manage the next booking while driving (Weiss et al., 2017). The best and effective solution is to teach the driver about how they should work through the safe course of training in driving with instructions that are provided to the drivers. The instructions are important to be followed, where most of the time drivers also learn about the basic behind the wheel, and the drivers are familiar with operating the car operations with obeying the traffic rules. In order to make sure that the drivers are following the rules and regulations, it is important to provide them a proper safety maintenance kit, courses for the self-driving which are organized for a better purpose. By providing the training, it is also made sure that the driver is able to work on proper guidelines even when different situations come up like how to recover the car from the bad situation or different traffic rules. If a proper training is given, then the security and safety are assured which will reduce the rate of accidents or mis-happenings. Irrespective of the age of driver, proper training practices should be followed where the drivers must participate in it and learn from it (Urbinati et al., 2017). Feedback from the Customers who have travelled The feedback can easily be collected depending upon the experience of riding which will help in analysing the requirement of the customer in order to work on helping in identifying the areas with services that are provided to them. This will help in not only providing the better benefits to the customers but also to the drivers. The skills and the abilities are easily judged by considering the customer feedback (Evans Schmalensee, 2016). Learning tips for the driver It is important that the drivers suggest each other for proper driving. This will help in improving the customer experience as well. The senior drivers are always familiar with the different rules and regulations. This will help the new drivers to get a clear idea so that they can follow the same. The learning skills come mainly from the qualified drivers which are important in different terms. It will also help the drivers with the enhancement of the driving skills. The important factor is to be familiar with the rules and regulations which is important to be up-to-date with all the latest information. References Bashir, M., Yousaf, A., Verma, R. (2016). Disruptive business model innovation: How a tech firm is changing the traditional taxi service industry.Indian Journal of Marketing,46(4), 49-59. Chiaroni, D., Chiesa, M., Chiesa, V., Franz, S., Frattini, F., Urbinati, A. (2015). From radical to disruptive innovation: the relevance of the context factors. In16th International CINet Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, 13-15 September(pp. 1-11). Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., McDonald, R. (2015). What is disruptive innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12), 44-53. Cramer, J., Krueger, A. B. (2016). Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber.American Economic Review,106(5), 177-82. Crittenden, A. B., Crittenden, V. L., Crittenden, W. F. (2017). Industry transformation via channel disruption.Journal of Marketing Channels,24(1-2), 13-26. Evans, D. S., Schmalensee, R. (2016). The Business That Platforms Are Actually Disrupting.Cambridge Mass.: Harvard Business School. Parker, G. G., Van Alstyne, M. W., Choudary, S. P. (2016).Platform Revolution: How Networked Markets Are Transforming the Economyand How to Make Them Work for You. WW Norton Company. Schatzinger, S., Lim, C. Y. R. (2015, November). Taxi of the future: Big data analysis as a framework for future urban fleets in smart cities. InInternational conference on Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions(pp. 83-98). Springer, Cham. Sheppard, J. (2017). Business Disruption: Technological Advancements and Their Appeal to Consumer Preferences. Tan, F. T. C., Tan, B., Lu, A., Land, L. (2017). Delivering Disruption in an Emergent Access Economy: A Case Study of an E-hailing Platform.Communications of the Association for Information Systems,41, 497-516. Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., Chiesa, V., Franz, S., Frattini, F. (2017). An exploratory analysis on the contextual factors that influence disruptive innovation: the case of Uber.International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 1850024. Weiss, J., Hledik, R., Lueken, R., Lee, T., Gorman, W. (2017). The electrification accelerator: Understanding the implications of autonomous vehicles for electric utilities.The Electricity Journal,30(10), 50-57.

Ear Infections free essay sample

Ear Infections Have you ever had a painful infection in your ear that is stops you dead in your tracks? I am going to inform you about ear infections. An ear infection is an infection of the middle ear. Healthcare providers call this otitis media. You may wonder why I choose to inform you about this today but I am a victim of several serious ear infections, which I will later inform you about. Ear infections are inflammation of the middle ear. This inflammation often begins when infections that cause sore throats, colds or other respiratory or breathing problems spread to the middle ear. These can be viral or bacterial infections. It is estimated that medical cost and lost wages because of otitis media amount to $5 billion a year in the United States. Although otitis media is primarily a disease of infants and young children, it can also affect adults. Otitis media not only causes severe pain but also may result in serious complications if it is not treated. We will write a custom essay sample on Ear Infections or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An untreated infection can travel from the middle ear to the nearby parts of the head, including the brain. Persistent fluid in the middle ear and chronic otitis media can reduce a child’s hearing at a time that is critical for speech and language development. Children who have early hearing impairment from frequent ear infections are likely to have speech and language disabilities. Common signs of ear infections are usually irritability, difficulty sleeping, tugging, or pulling at one or both ears, fever, fluid draining from the ear, and loss of balance. Other factors may increase the risk of a child getting an ear infection include group childcare, allergies that cause stuffy nose, bottle-feeding in a lying down position, and breathing tobacco smoke. Hearing loss caused by otitis media is usually temporary, untreated OM may lead to permanent hearing impairment. I can relate to the hearing loss of ear infections. I recently had surgery due to a 60% hearing loss in my right ear that was cause by numerous amounts of infections when I was a child. The amount of ear infection I had actually wore away a piece of one of the bones in my ear. They are the three smallest bones in your body. They transmit sound and that how we hear. The doctors actually went in, lifted up my eardrum, and reconstructed my bones and my hearing has greatly improved since then. If your doctor believes bacteria cause your ear infection, and most are, he or she will prescribe an antibiotic to kill the bacteria and cure the infection. You may also try a few other things to feel more comfortable like taking over the counter medications, and ibuprofen to help relieve pain or fever, place warm compresses against your ear, and sit in an upright position to decrease the pressure on your middle ear. So from now on when you think you just have another ear infection you may want to take it a little more seriously, I can attest that they are no fun. Being under a knife for a 2-hour surgery is not worth not taking care of yourself today. Actually, you can see the scar in my ear where they took out cartilage to repair the bones. I never know something so small can do so much damage. Ear Infections free essay sample Have you ever had a painful infection in your ear that is stops you dead in your tracks? I am going to inform you about ear infections. An ear infection is an infection of the middle ear. Healthcare providers call this otitis media. You may wonder why I choose to inform you about this today but I am a victim of several serious ear infections, which I will later inform you about. Ear infections are inflammation of the middle ear. This inflammation often begins when infections that cause sore throats, colds or other respiratory or breathing problems spread to the middle ear. These can be viral or bacterial infections. It is estimated that medical cost and lost wages because of otitis media amount to $5 billion a year in the United States. Although otitis media is primarily a disease of infants and young children, it can also affect adults. Otitis media not only causes severe pain but also may result in serious complications if it is not treated. We will write a custom essay sample on Ear Infections or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An untreated infection can travel from the middle ear to the nearby parts of the head, including the brain. Persistent fluid in the middle ear and chronic otitis media can reduce a child’s hearing at a time that is critical for speech and language development. Children who have early hearing impairment from frequent ear infections are likely to have speech and language disabilities. Common signs of ear infections are usually irritability, difficulty sleeping, tugging, or pulling at one or both ears, fever, fluid draining from the ear, and loss of balance. Other factors may increase the risk of a child getting an ear infection include group childcare, allergies that cause stuffy nose, bottle-feeding in a lying down position, and breathing tobacco smoke. Hearing loss caused by otitis media is usually temporary, untreated OM may lead to permanent hearing impairment. I can relate to the hearing loss of ear infections. I recently had surgery due to a 60% hearing loss in my right ear that was cause by numerous amounts of infections when I was a child. The amount of ear infection I had actually wore away a piece of one of the bones in my ear. They are the three smallest bones in your body. They transmit sound and that how we hear. The doctors actually went in, lifted up my eardrum, and reconstructed my bones and my hearing has greatly improved since then. If your doctor believes bacteria cause your ear infection, and most are, he or she will prescribe an antibiotic to kill the bacteria and cure the infection. You may also try a few other things to feel more comfortable like taking over the counter medications, and ibuprofen to help relieve pain or fever, place warm compresses against your ear, and sit in an upright position to decrease the pressure on your middle ear. So from now on when you think you just have another ear infection you may want to take it a little more seriously, I can attest that they are no fun. Being under a knife for a 2-hour surgery is not worth not taking care of yourself today. Actually, you can see the scar in my ear where they took out cartilage to repair the bones. I never know something so small can do so much damage.

Vipers Tangle free essay sample

Symbols a. Vipers Tangle * Hatred of his children * Desire for revenge * Love of money * Refusal to seek beyond those entangled vipers b. Spring * The Spring signals Louis happiness. . He was so happy when a woman came to love him in the person of Isa but it took more than half a century before he experienced that same happiness that he had after his marriage. How strange it is that, at those beginnings of life when a little appiness is handed out to us, there is no voice which warns us this first spring on which you have stumbled is also the last. Quench your thirst, once and for all; you shall not drink again. c. Summer when he passes by the drawing room * This signals his transformation. One hot summer on August 1896, he was again trying to win his children in hand again. d. Rain / Hail * The rain has always been regarded as the symbol for rebirth and in last chapter of the 1st part, Louis realizes that its never too late for them to begin their lives again and that unconsciously, he starts to accept Gods grace. We will write a custom essay sample on Vipers Tangle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This becomes vident after Isas death when he talked to Genevieve and Hubert where he felt that his hatred and passion for revenge went dead and that he looks forward to being with his children for the first time. e. Maries death * The only child for whom he ever felt true love, Marie, died young. Like Christs sacrificial death on the cross, Marie died for her Papa to redeem him. We can infer that had Marie did not die young and Luc went missing, Louis would Just have his eyes on his two most beloved and would never see the path to Gods saving grace. E. Theme * sin vs. grace * Gods grace is accessible to anyone. Even the most miserly old sinner like Louis who strips himself of all his old illusions as he prepares for his inevitable end. Taking a cold, hard look at his life, and at the consequences of his meanness and solipsism, Louis begins to understand how a deliberate self-deception has shaped his life for ill, not for good. We are presented with a malevolent old man on his deathbed; the authors case is simply this: no one is beyond the reach of Gods grace. Without romanticizing Louis, Mauriac expresses the tragedy of a wasted life, the tragedy of a man who has closed himself off from a community of love to wallow in is own despair. Louis is sinned against as well as sinning, but he reserves many of his harshest Judgments for himself. He is honest, not hypocritical, and he often turns his cruelty inwards. But Gods grace reached him even though the members of his family are lukewarm Christians who spied upon his actions and whom he himself tormented. At fault, they have been driving him to despair and blinding his eyes to the light of truth. F. Salient Features of French Literature present in the Novel f. Individualism is more glorified * Louis has accustomed himself to despising those around him, to closing himself ff from affection, to becoming the monster so many take him to be, almost as a duty rather than a compulsion. He confesses that my passion for possession, and for using and abusing what I possess, extends to human beings. * He compelled his mother to knock down the mud huts where their farm laborers had lived He even dreamt of using Marinette to make Isa suffer, as a form of revenge. Moreover, he is fond of portraying himself as someone cruel, even to his children. He is full of hatred for his family and loves it when he annoys them. * He hates religion and does not believe in God day of penitence; that if the time of his death, he comes to accept the ministry of a priest, he protests in advance so that he could prev ent any abuse of his mental or physical weakness and also because his reason rejects it. For him, no metaphysical idea was attached to the Mass every Sunday; that it was Just a form of worship of a class and a body of ritual lacking any significance other than social and that priests are persons in disguise, masqueraders. With these, it can be said that promotes exercise of his goals and desires while opposing most external interference by the family, a group or institution or by the ociety. g. Clear Manifestation of Artistic Reality * Mauriac artistically laid out the plot for the readers, as well as the real life experiences that he made his characters go through: * Love for land and money dies * Louis has passion for land and money * Louis children only think about the inheritance that they could get as he * Sinning * Louis keeps torturing Isa and his children through his indifference He is filled with anger, hatred and greed in his heart

Sample Argumentative Essay For History Or Sociology

Sample Argumentative Essay For History Or SociologyIf you're writing a sample argumentative essay for history or sociology, you will likely be given a variety of resources to use in your essay. The first thing you need to do is think about the various forms of literature, poetry, essays, and reports that may be used to support your argument. Here are a few general essays to guide you through the process:Your essay should be short and concise; this means that you should include only relevant details and data, and that you make sure to draw out the important points. You may want to include statistics, but do not just list them without explanation. Using statistics can help the reader to understand what the problem was, how it was solved, and why that solution was the best one for that problem.All people have different ways of expressing themselves, and that's perfectly fine. This can help to give you more variety and gives your essay more of a well-rounded experience. The worst thing t hat you can do is to try to make an essay that is so similar to another that it's boring, even if you're trying to write a different argumentative essay for history or sociology.In order to make a sociological argument, you'll need to provide an anecdote. Anecdotes are stories from people who lived during the time period that you're talking about. Because there is so much variety in society, anecdotes are great for giving your essay a reason to be unique. An anecdote can often change the way the audience feels about a particular situation, as well as demonstrating the history behind the facts.To make an argumentative essay about poetry, the best method is to write a poem, or even a play. No matter what the theme is, poetry is a good way to demonstrate the purpose of the poem and a theme that go along with it. If you're writing an essay about literature, you'll want to include evidence that supports your arguments.One thing to consider when choosing a topic for an essay is to think a bout the people's audience. You don't want to take a topic that is either extremely controversial or not extremely controversial. Think about what group you would be writing an essay for and then choose your topics accordingly.When writing a sample argumentative essay for history or sociology, you will want to keep the topic in mind and know what type of person you're writing for. There are plenty of different groups that may take an essay. Once you know who you're writing for, you can plan your essay around the group's needs and wants.In order to successfully write a sample argumentative essay for history or sociology, you should use as many resources as possible. Using a variety of different resources in an essay will allow you to write an essay that is not only interesting but also interesting in a way that cannot be simply explained by using facts alone.

Management and Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management and Business - Essay Example So the hue and cry by environmentalists to create such regulations does not seem too environment-friendly, after all [Bhagwati (2004), p.137]. The infant food manufacturers, of these Nestle was specifically targeted by social organizations, contributed to the death of infants from less developed countries (LDCs). They sold their products to people incapable of using them properly. The charges were that many third world nations have contaminated water supply and parents dilute the formula to stretch the supply. The defence by nestle stated that it has never advertised to substitute breast feeding with bottle feeding and that It had actually promoted formula as supplement to aid nutrition. Since mothers in poor nations have deficiencies or their work schedule does not permit them timely feeding. However, despite strong protests against the infant formula controversy, these multinationals are still strongly holding their place in LDCs [Auscampus (2009)]. When government reprimands a fac tory, through its regulations, for dumping hazardous waste into river or destroying environment by its activities, the company can obey the government by cleaning up environment or upgrading its processes. Alternatively it may move over to some other country, the LDC, for its operation. The LDC requires revenue generated by the company but does not use any high tech environment protection rules [VEXEN Crabtree (2006), pars. 2-3]. Are multinationals getting more powerful than state governments The answer could be obtained by evaluating the financial strength and extent of employment generated by these. If the revenue of General Motors and Ford put together, it would supersede the GDP for all of sub-Saharan Africa. The car multinationals are directly providing employment to more than 20 million people and to a lot more in the associated industries. Today these are in position to decide the fate of government. The ownership and power is same with other industries also. Today two corporations control 80 percent of the coffee production of world; merely four corporations account for 87 percent of the world's tobacco industry, and two corporations--Boeing and Airbus have almost monopoly over civilian airplane production by having a share of 95 percent. The top 200 firms now control one fourth of the world's monetary activity. Among the top 100 of these, increase in total assets has been extraordinary. Their assets have gone up to USD 4.2 trillion in 1995 from USD 0.5 trillion i n1980. For example, the wealth of the food and retail multinational Wal-Mart, after buying Asda in Britain, has become more than 161 countries including Israel, Poland and Greece. General Motors is bigger than Denmark while Ford is bigger than South Africa [Morgan (2000), pars.3-5]. These multinationals are better organized than the states where they invest their money. It gives them power to negotiate and manipulate deals particularly in weak and developing nations [Kehl (2009), p.2]. The globalization is not only changing the powers of state, it is also changing the territories of the states. Ohmae [1993 as cited in Axtmann (1996), p.119-120] explained that global economy is

Ethical Conduct in Scientific Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Conduct in Scientific - Research Paper Example Suffering from latent syphilis meant that they had the infection but they showed no sign of the disease until late stages. For about 40 years, the poor men were never told that they were suffering from the disease and were never treated. Instead, they were only told that they had â€Å"bad blood† and were not given penicillin even though it was the standard cure for the disease that was available in 1947. The aim of the study was to find out whether syphilis affected the black men in a different way from the way it affected the white men (Katz & Warren, 2011). For participating in the study, men were given free ride to and from the Tuskegee clinic in Alabama. In addition, they were given hot meals and free treatment for minor ailments. For instance, they were given only aspirin and mineral supplements to cure minor ailments so that the treatment procedure could not interfere with their study. Much worse, even the 250 men from the Second World War drafted from the war to volunteer in the study, arrangements were made to make sure they remained part of the study. When the study ended in 1972, there was a public outcry and only 74 men of the original participants stayed alive. Other negative outcomes involved 28 men who died from syphilis and related complications, while 40 wives were infected with the disease and 19 children suffered from congenital syphilis. Survivors of the study received financial compensation from the United States and President Bill Clinton was forced to declare on behalf of the state that US had done a shameful thing (Katz & Warren, 2011). United States demonstrated heinous acts in the study that were considered to be morally wrong. It was unethical for the Tuskegee clinicians to conduct the study without the consent of the patients, according to the World Health Organizations Declaration of Helsinki of 1964. Clinical centers must conform to the ethical conducts stipulated by the legal structures. However, in Tuskegee case, they

Cloud Computing Essay Example for Free

Cloud Computing Essay * Integrated development environment as a service (IDEaaS) In the business model using software as a service, users are provided access to application software and databases. The cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms on which the applications run. SaaS is sometimes referred to as â€Å"on-demand software† and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis. SaaS providers generally price applications using a subscription fee. Proponents claim that the SaaS allows a business the potential to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and personnel expenses, towards meeting other IT goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of SaaS is that the users data are stored on the cloud provider’s server. As a result, there could be unauthorized access to the data. End users access cloud-based applications through a web browser or a light-weight desktop or mobile app while the business software and users data are stored on servers at a remote location. Proponents claim that cloud computing allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and enables IT to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.[2][3] Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale similar to a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network.[4] | This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (January 2013)| The origin of the term cloud computing is obscure, but it appears to derive from the practice of using drawings of stylized clouds to denote networks in diagrams of computing and communications systems. The word cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the standardized use of a cloud-like shape to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents. The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994.[5][6] The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to the 1950s, when large-scale mainframe became available in academia and corporations, accessible via thin clients / terminalcomputers. Because it was costly to buy a mainframe, it became im portant to find ways to get the greatest return on the investment in them, allowing multiple users to share both the physical access to the computer from multiple terminals as well as to share the CPU time, eliminating periods of inactivity, which became known in the industry as time-sharing.[7] In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit, they were able to utilize their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider and that which was the responsibility of the users. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.[8] As computers became more prevalent, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through time sharing, experimenting with algorithms to provide the optimal use of the infrastructure, platform and applications with prioritized access to the CPU and efficiency for the end users.[9] John McCarthy opined in t he 1960s that computation may someday be organized as a public utility. Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in Douglas Parkhills 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Other scholars have shown that cloud computings roots go all the way back to the 1950s when scientist Herb Grosch (the author of Groschs law) postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data centers.[10] Due to the expense of these powerful computers, many corporations and other entities could avail themselves of computing capability through time sharing and several organizations, such as GEs GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation (SBC, founded in 1957), Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), and Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) marketed time sharing as a commercial venture. The development of the Internet from being document centric via semantic data towards more and more services was described as Dynamic Web.[11] This contribution focused in particular in the need for better meta-data able to describe not only implementation details but also conceptual details of model-based applications. The ubiquitous availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented architecture,autonomic, and utility computing have led to a tremendous growth in cloud computing.[12][13][14] After the dot-com bubble, Amazon played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centers, which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time, just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving two-pizza teams (teams small enough to be fed with two pizzas) could add new features faster and more easily, Amazon initiated a new product development effort to provide cloud computing to external customers, and launched Amazon Web Service (AWS) on a utility computing basis in 2006.[15][16] In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008, OpenNebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds.[17] In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment.[18] By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them[19] and observed that organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models so that the projected shift to computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas.[20] On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet.[21] Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece. [edit] Similar systems and concepts Cloud computing shares characteristics with: * Autonomic computing — Computer systems capable of self-management.[22] * Client–server model — Client–server computing refers broadly to any distributed application that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients).[23] * Grid computing — A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a super and virtual computer is composed of a cluster of networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks. * Mainframe computer — Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry and consumer statistics, police and secret intelligence services, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.[24] * Utility computing — The packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity.[25][26] * Peer-to-peer — Distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model). * Cloud gaming Also known as on-demand gaming, this is a way of delivering games to computers. The gaming data will be stored in the providers server, so that gaming will be independent of client computers used to play the game. [edit] Characteristics Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics: * Agility improves with users ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources. * Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers. Cloud computing systems typically use REST-based APIs. * Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted to operational expenditure.[27] This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).[28] The e-FISCAL projects state of the art repository[29] contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings de pend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house. * Device and location independence[30] enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.[28] * Virtualization technology allows servers and storage devices to be shared and utilization be increased. Applications can be easily migrated from one physical server to another. * Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for: * Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.) * Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels) * Utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilised.[15] * Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud computing su itable for business continuity and disaster recovery.[31] * Scalability and elasticity via dynamic (on-demand) provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time,[32] without users having to engineer for peak loads.[33][34] * Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.[28] * Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels.[35] Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.[36] However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security. * Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on each users computer and can be accessed from different places. The National Institute of Standards and Technologys definition of cloud computing identifies five essential characteristics: On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider. Broad network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations). Resource pooling. The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time. Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. —National Institute of Standards and Technology[4] On-demand self-service See also: Self-service provisioning for cloud computing services and Service catalogs for cloud computing services On-demand self-service allows users to obtain, configure and deploy cloud services themselves using cloud service catalogues, without requiring the assistance of IT.[37][38] This feature is listed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a characteristic of cloud computing.[4] The self-service requirement of cloud computing prompts infrastructure vendors to create cloud computing templates, which are obtained from cloud service catalogues. Manufacturers of such templates or blueprints include Hewlett-Packard (HP), which names its templates as HP Cloud Maps[39] RightScale[40] and Red Hat, which names its templates CloudForms.[41] The templates contain predefined configurations used by consumers to set up cloud services. The templates or blueprints provide the technical information necessary to build ready-to-use clouds.[40] Each template includes specific configuration details for different cloud infrastructures, with information about servers for specific tasks such as hosting applications, databases, websites and so on.[40] The templates also include predefined Web service, the operating system, the database, security configurations and load balancing.[41] Cloud consumers use cloud templates to move applications between clouds through a self-service portal. The predefined blueprints define all that an application requires to run in different environments. For example, a template could define how the same application could be deployed in cloud platforms based on Amazon Web Service, VMware or Red Hat.[42] The user organization benefits from cloud templates because the technical aspects of cloud configurations reside in the templates, letting users to deploy cloud services with a push of a button.[43][44] Cloud templates can also be used by developers to create a catalog of cloud services.[45] [edit] Ser vice models Cloud computing providers offer their services according to three fundamental models:[4][46] infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) where IaaS is the most basic and each higher model abstracts from the details of the lower models. In 2012 network as a service (NaaS) and communication as a service (CaaS) were officially included by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as part of the basic cloud computing models, recognized service categories of a telecommunication-centric cloud ecosystem.[47] Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) See also: Category:Cloud infrastructure In the most basic cloud-service model, providers of IaaS offer computers physical or (more often) virtual machines and other resources. (A hypervisor, such as Xen or KVM, runs the virtual machines as guests.) Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational support-system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers varying requirements. IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as images in a virtual-machine image-library, raw (block) and file-based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles.[48] IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools installed indata centers. For wide-area connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks). To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed. Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon CloudFormation, Amazon EC2, Windows Azure Virtual Machines, DynDNS, Google Compute Engine, HP Cloud, iland, Joyent,Rackspace Cloud, ReadySpace Cloud Services, and Terremark. [edit] Platform as a service (PaaS)