Cyberterrorism Essay -- Cyber Terrorism Internet

Cyberterrorism Introduction Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. It is generally understood to mean unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein. Possibly to intimidate, influence a government or its people to further political or social gain. To qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should result in violence against persons or property, or generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, plane crashes, water contamination, or severe economic loss would be examples, serious attacks against important infrastructures could be acts of cyberterrorism, depending on their impact. This essay will illustrate and analyse the main issues and ideas behind cyberterrorism. This will include information that has led to the internet being used in a mailicous way, ethical issues, paradigms that cyberterrorism follows, motivations and incidents that have occurred in the past. One FBI spokespersons definition is- 'Cyber terrorism' means intentional use or threat of use, without legally recognized authority, of violence, disruption, or interference against cyber systems, when it is likely that such use would result in death or injury of a person or persons, substantial damage to physical property, civil disorder, or significant economic harm'. Cyber attacks and effects Cyberspace is constantly under assault. Cyber spies, thieves, saboteurs, and thrill seekers break into computer systems, steal personal data and trade secrets, vandalize Web sites, disrupt service, sabotage data and systems, launch computer viruses and worms, conduct fraudulent transactions, and harass individuals and companies. These attacks are facilitated with increasingly powerful and easy-to-use software tools, which are readily available for free from thousands of Web sites on the Internet. Many of the attacks are serious and costly. The ILOVEYOU virus for example, was estimated to have infected tens of millions of users and cost billions of dollars in damage. In light of these serious threats from cyberspace, it is worth noting that the discourse on cyberterrorism is something that – fortunately has not been carried out in its most destructive capabilities. It is, therefore, d... ...ital world today. In addition to cyberattacks against digital data and systems, many people are being terrorized on the Internet today with threats of physical violence. On line stalking, death threats, and hate messages are abundant. These crimes are serious and must be addressed. In so doing, governments around the world will be in a better position to police and respond to cyberterrorism if and when the threat becomes imminent. Sources Author Unknown. "Cyber Terrorism: Understanding Cyber Threats" https://www.hamiltoncountyohio-tewg.org/cyber_terrorism/ Aldo Leon. "The New Age of Cyberterrorism" http://www.sabianet.com/Res_The%20New%20Age%20of%20Cyberterrorism.pdf Dorothy E. Denning. "Cyberterrorism" http://palmer.wellesley.edu/~ivolic/pdf/USEM/Cyberterror-Denning.pdf Mohamed Chawki. "A Critical Look at the Regulation of Cybercrime" http://www.crime-research.org/library/Critical.doc. Robert Malà ½. "Virtual communities and cyber terrorism" http://www.unob.cz/spi/2007/presentace/2007-May-03/06-Jirovsky_CyberTer.ppt. Peter Reilly. "How Real is the Threat of Cyber Terrorism?" http://www2.lhric.org/security/desk/letter8.html

Best Practices Guide for Multi-Disciplinary Teams Essay

Schools across the US are beginning to open-up classrooms, teachers are finding that they are no longer working alone or exclusively with members of their own profession. But with parent, Paraprofessionals, nurses, learning support staff, educational psychologists, social workers, and even community leaders and volunteers. This type of collaboration is called multidisciplinary teams, in its simplest terms this means members of different professions working together. Each member of a multidisciplinary team has an essential function and has valuable contribution to make in the identifying learning goals for the student, as well as the delivery of these goals across all areas from curriculum to learning opportunities and even the students extracurricular activities. Members of this team are also able to support the child at home to ensure that there is success between home and school. The success of the student depends on a strong home/school relationship; therefore, parents are strongly encouraged to participate. Each member of the team has specific qualification and duties: Local education agency (LEA) A representative qualified to supervise the needs of the student, someone who is knowledgeable of the general curriculum, is knowledgeable about the availability of resources of the public agency, and has the authority to commit agency resources. Family Not only is emphasis upon parental participation ethically proper and legally required, but â€Å"parental involvement has been associated with higher grades, positive behaviors and attitudes, reduced absenteeism, and increased study habits† (Lawrence & Heller, 2001). Related staff and services This group of people can vary depending on the student or issue being evaluated. Most commonly you will have a school psychologist who may be responsible for completing an assessment of the student, analyzing and interpreting assessment data and conduct follow-up observations to determine the success of modifications put in place to aid the student. Other related personnel can include: †¢ Speech-language therapists †¢ Occupational therapists †¢ Physical therapists †¢ Vision specialists †¢ Medical personnel, such as nurses and dietitians †¢ Social workers †¢ Counselors and mental health personnel †¢ Adaptive physical education teachers †¢ Vocational specialists †¢ others Administrators A school administrator, principal or assistant principal is an essential member of the team. Because the administrator should be aware of specific resources and expertise within the school In addition, administrators are qualified to supervise the program and can commit necessary resources. The administrator usually works with LEA’s. Regular education teachers The regular education teacher and the special education teacher more than likely have shared and equal responsibilities to all students in the classroom. Usually, the regular education teacher’s role is ultimately in charge of instruction in the classroom. The teacher is also the line of communication between the school and home, keeping the parents informed about the student’s achievement and grades and educational programs. Special education teachers The special educator’s role is that of individualizing, diagnosing, and modifying curriculum. In an inclusive classroom the special education teacher would provide assessment and instructional planning in the mainstream setting, conduct remediation and tutorial and team teach. Team teaching arrangements were used in the 1960s (Stainback, S. & Stainback, W., 1996) in an attempt to reach a wider range of children with diverse learning needs, particularly those at risk. Identification and Placement Procedures One of the most significant and complicated parts of a special education program is identifying eligible students, this is because the criteria for verifying a disability can be subjective and subject to change. Mistakenly identifying students as disabled or failing to identify students who actually need services can have a long term impact. Detailed steps have been created to improve the process of identifying a disability and ensuring fairness. Student Assistance Teams and Multidisciplinary Team Two procedures included the use of a student assistance team and a multidisciplinary evaluation team. The student assistance team search for alternative solutions when a student is having problems. The student assistance team is usually comprised of regular teachers, counselors and administrators, school psychologists and special education teachers can also be a part of the student assistance team. When the issue can not be resolved by the student assistance team then a written referral is made for an evaluation by the multidisciplinary team. Multidisciplinary team includes, but is not limited to psychologists, teachers (general and special education), administrators, and other specialists. This group of professionals follows federal and state regulations in order to determine whether a student is eligible for special education services. Before any student can be evaluated, however, the written permission must be obtained from the parents. The team approach provides additional validity to the verification process. Medical, educational, psychological, and social characteristics are usually used in the verification process. In many cases the School psychologist interprets the assessment data and is responsible for translating this information to the team for implementation. Once it has been determined that special education services are needed the team may meet as often as needed to discuss the implementation. School personnel are required to provide documentation of the mastery of benchmarks and annual goals. It is not required that all goals are meet one school term, but they must provide evidence that they are working toward achieving the goals.

Was Raphael Married

He was a Renaissance celebrity, known not only for his superb artistic talent but for his personal charm. Very publicly engaged to Maria Bibbiena, the niece of a powerful cardinal, scholars believed him to have had a mistress by the name of Margherita Luti, the daughter of a Sienese baker. Marriage to a woman of such a lowly social status would hardly have helped his career; general public knowledge of such a liaison could have damaged his reputation. But recent research conducted by Italian art historian Maurizio Bernardelli Curuz suggests that Raphael Sanzio may have followed his heart and secretly married Margherita Luti. Clues that Point to a Marriage Important clues to the relationship can be found in the recently-restored Fornarina, the portrait of a seductive beauty begun in 1516 and left unfinished by Raphael. Half-clothed and smiling suggestively, the subject wears a ribbon on her left arm bearing Raphaels name. Pinned to her turban is a pearl — and the meaning of Margherita is pearl. X-rays taken during restoration reveal in the background quince and myrtle bushes — symbols of fertility and fidelity. And on her left hand was a ring, the existence of which was painted out, probably by Raphaels students after the masters death. All these symbols would have been extraordinarily meaningful to the average Renaissance viewer. To anyone who understood the symbolism, the portrait practically shouts this is my beautiful wife Margherita and I love her. In addition to the portrait, Curuz has uncovered documentary evidence that Raphael and Margherita were married in a secret ceremony. Curuz also believes Margherita to be the subject of La Donna Velata (the Veiled Lady), which one contemporary noted was the painting of the woman Raphael loved until he died. It had been theorized that Raphael didnt paint the Fornarina at all, and that instead it is the work of one of his pupils. Curuz and his associates now believe that Raphaels pupils deliberately obscured the nuptial symbolism to protect his reputation and continue their own work at the Sala di Constantino in the Vatican, the loss of which would have bankrupted them. To reinforce the pretense, Raphaels students placed a plaque on his tomb in memory of his fiancee, Bibbiena. And Margherita Luti (Sanzio)? Four months after Raphaels death, the widow Margherita is recorded as arriving at the convent of SantApollonia in Rome.

The Effect Of Legal Factors On Police Behavior - 1425 Words

influence how they performed their job, however, if an officer or citizen responded negatively during their interaction, the outcome may prove to be problematic (Dunham et al., 2005). Previous studies have shown that the greatest influence in decision-making by the police during police-citizens encounters are based on legal factors. However, smaller studies continue to suggest that additional factors may play a role in police decision making during police-citizen encounters. The results of this study confirm prior studies which suggested citizen demeanor [disrespect] toward police greatly increases the probability of arrest. According to Regoeczi and Kent (2014), research â€Å"examines the influence of extra-legal factors† (p. 191);†¦show more content†¦Moderate hostility was shown to a have little or no effect on the likelihood of arrest, while high hostility, police-citizen encounters confirm previous research that this behavior does affect an officer’s d ecision to arrest. FACTORS INFLUENCING CITIZEN PERCEPTION OF THE POLICE Race and Adult Perception of the Police Empirical research points to possible disparities involving race during traffic stops. Racial targeting [racial profiling] originated because of the â€Å"War on Drugs†, which was declared in major cities across the United States to severely reduce the amount of narcotics brought into the country. Several reports of the suspects arrested for drug trafficking were minorities. The practice of conducting traffic stops to search for illegal trafficking, based solely on race, was adopted by law enforcement as a valuable tool to investigate potential drug smugglers. However, legal challenges were filed in several cities because many believed the practice of racial profiling violated individual’s [minorities] civil rights. In response, several law enforcement agencies developed new policies and training to address these concerns (Engel, Tillyer, Klahm, Frank, 2012). Recent research on racial profiling has begun to examine if race is used by police officers to discriminate against minorities and if this practice was based on preconceived notions (Dunham et al., 2005). Racial profiling is a very complex and controversial area ofShow MoreRelatedDoes Legal Cynicism Truly Have An Impact On Crime Rates? Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesThis research paper aims to answer the question: Does legal cynicism truly have an impact on crime rates? While legal cynicism is not a term that is often discussed in the media or the news, it is a concept that is quite relevant to the lives of many Americans. This is quite relevant in society today, as there is a great deal of conflict between police officers and the public in many communities across the country. This is essentially what legal cynicism is about. 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Many people have different ideas of what constitutes Racial Profiling but, According to Jody Feder, in â€Å"Racial Profiling: Legal and Constitutional Issues,† â€Å" Racial profiling is the practice of targeting individuals for police or security detention based on their race or ethnicity in the belief that certain minority groups are more likely to engage in unlawful behavior†(4). 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Mexican Coffee And Its Effect On The Flavor And High Quality

In the last few years, Peruvian coffee has been gaining more and more awareness worldwide, due to its flavor and high quality. As a result, it has received several awards. To illustrate, El Tunki, El Quechua, and El Sol Cafà © -types of Peruvian coffee- were awarded the second, fifth, and ninth place, respectively, in the Rainforest Alliance of Cupping Quality contest in 2013. Furthermore, El Tunki was recognized as â€Å"The Best Special Coffee of the World† by the Specialty Coffee Association of America in 2010 (Cafe Tunki, 2012). Due to these, it was commonly thought that these coffee grains were immensely exported; however, the reality was the opposite. The exportation rates were considerably lower than other countries with comparable crops, such as the Vietnamese or Colombians. This can be evidence as Peru exported 3.7 million coffee bags (60kg. each), while the other countries exported 19 and 7.5 million bags, respectively (USDA,2011). Predominately, this problem was caused by two obstacles. First, there was a lack of funds to support this industry. The roots of these problems started to grow, due to the economic instability generated by the Asian economic crisis in 1997 and El Nià ±o Phenomenon in 1998 (Banco Central de Reserva del Peru,1998, p.9). For these reasons, the economy was stagnant, thus there was no innovation or improvement in this economic activity for a number of years. Additionally, even when the national economy recovered and re-accelerated, the majorShow MoreRelatedCultural Foods Project : Mexico988 Words   |  4 PagesTheir main threat is deforestation and other natural habitat losses which can effect biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. An influential religion in Mexico is Roman Catholicism with eighty-eight percent of the population being this specific religion. Their diet is high in legumes, dietary fiber, and cholesterol which can affect their bodies in different ways. 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Analysis of Data Warehousing Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Data Warehousing. Answer: Issues creating difficulty in the creation of Data Warehouse for the given scenario Every organization now a day has stated utilizing the database as the centerpiece of their gathering and storing the information for the organization. The idea of data warehousing is easily understandable that is, extraction of data from one or more databases and load them to another database for further analysis and usability. The data warehouse are generally designed to meet several requirements like using of non-operational data, standardizing of data since mostly in warehouse all the data comes from different other sources, it may be possible for the data to not use the same units or definitions. In order to make this datasets match, there is a usability of standard data format, this change in format is known to be extraction-transformation-load (ETL). But sometime challenges occur like Enabling Real-time ETL (challenge 1). In Real-time performing ETL can be a great challenge for the process of extraction, transforming, cleaning and loading of data from source systems. All the to ols and systems of ETL operate in batch mode either based upon custom-coded or off-the-shelf products. There has been a typical involvement of the downtime of warehouse, such that no users will be able to access while processing. Since these heaps are normally performed late during the evening, this planned downtime ordinarily does not burden numerous clients (Castellanos et al., 2015). When stacking information consistently continuously, there can't be any framework downtime. There are additionally methods for changing existing ETL frameworks to perform constant or close ongoing distribution center stacking. Some of these apparatuses and systems are depicted beneath. There are several techniques by which this issue can be sorted out: "Near Real-time" ETL Direct trickle feed Trickle Flip External Real-time Data Cache The second challenges that can create a difficulty in the data warehouse are the OLAP Queries vs. Changing Data. Query tools and OLAP were intended to work over perpetual, static authentic information. Since they expect that the basic information isn't transforming, they don't play it safe to guarantee that the outcomes they create are not adversely affected by information changes simultaneous to question execution. Sometimes, this can prompt conflicting and confounding inquiry comes about. A multi-pass SQL proclamation is comprised of numerous littler SQL explanations that consecutively work on an arrangement of impermanent tables. Relational OLAP tools are especially touchy to this issue since they play out everything except the least complex information investigation operations by issuing multi-pass SQL. The first issue is that the consequences of an inquiry that takes even one moment are ostensibly not in real-time exactly. The second issue is that given the various goes of SQL required to perform any social OLAP revealing or investigative operation, any constant stockroom is probably going to experience the ill effects of the outcome set inward irregularity issue examined previously. The techniques that can be used to solve the issues: Usability of approach Near Real-time True Real-time Risk Mitigation Usage of an External Real-time Data Cache The most appropriate level of granularity for data warehouse The subject of granularity frequently comes up amid information distribution center plan, and the appropriate response is regularly. The granularity of data refers to the size in which data fields are sub-divided. The appropriate response relies upon your prerequisites. In the event that the job needing to be done is to fabricate an Enterprise Data Warehouse to store chronicled information and to answer each inquiry anybody may have, at that point yes, by all methods influence it to low and put all that you can into it. For the given scenario the appropriate level of granularity for our data warehouse will be Higher granularity, that has overheads for the storage and the input data (Lv, Zhou Zhao, 2017). This shows itself in a higher number of objects and strategies in the question situated programming worldview or more subroutine calls for object oriented programming and parallel figuring conditions. It does however offer advantages in adaptability of information handling in treating every datum field in detachment if required. An execution issue caused by over the top granularity may not uncover itself until the point when versatility turns into an issue. This may help in locks of the database and may affect the concurrency. Thus, Adaptive Server helps in supporting locking at the pages, tables and row levels. Like, a postal address can be recorded, with coarse granularity, as a single field. References Bouadi, T., Cordier, M. O., Moreau, P., Quiniou, R., Salmon-Monviola, J., Gascuel-Odoux, C. (2017). A data warehouse to explore multidimensional simulated data from a spatially distributed agro-hydrological model to improve catchment nitrogen management. Environmental Modelling Software, 97, 229-242. Castellanos, M., Dayal, U., Pedersen, T. B., Tatbul, N. (Eds.). (2015). Enabling Real-Time Business Intelligence: International Workshops, BIRTE 2013, Riva Del Garda, Italy, August 26, 2013, and BIRTE 2014, Hangzhou, China, September 1, 2014, Revised Selected Papers (Vol. 206). Springer. Chen, C. P., Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data. Information Sciences, 275, 314-347. Geary, N., Jarvis, B., Mew, C., Gore, H. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,684,703. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kimball, R., Ross, M. (2013). The data warehouse toolkit: The definitive guide to dimensional modeling. John Wiley Sons. Lv, H., Zhou, L., Zhao, Y. (2017, August). Classification of Data Granularity in Data Warehouse. In Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC), 2017 9th International Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. 118-122). IEEE. Meehan, J., Zdonik, S., Tian, S., Tian, Y., Tatbul, N., Dziedzic, A., Elmore, A. (2016, September). Integrating real-time and batch processing in a polystore. In High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC), 2016 IEEE (pp. 1-7). IEEE. Mireku Kwakye, M. (2017). Modelling and Design of Generic Semantic Trajectory Data Warehouse. Science. Narra, L., Sahama, T., Stapleton, P. (2015). Clinical data warehousing: A business analytics approach for managing health data. In Proceedings of the Eighth Australasian Workshop on Health Informatics and Knowledge Management (HIKM2015). Australian Computer Society. Rashmi, K. V., Shah, N. B., Gu, D., Kuang, H., Borthakur, D., Ramchandran, K. (2013, June). A Solution to the Network Challenges of Data Recovery in Erasure-coded Distributed Storage Systems: A Study on the Facebook Warehouse Cluster. In HotStorage. Renso, C., Roncato, A., Trasarti, R. (2014, December). Mob-Warehouse: A semantic approach for mobility analysis with a Trajectory Data Warehouse. In Advances in Conceptual Modeling: ER 2013 Workshops, LSAWM, MoBiD, RIGiM, SeCoGIS, WISM, DaSeM, SCME, and PhD Symposium, Hong Kong, China, November 11-13, 2013, Revised Selected Papers (Vol. 8697, p. 127). Springer. Vaisman, A., Zimnyi, E. (2014). Data Warehouse Systems: Design and Implementation. Springer.

End Project Module Human Resource Mannagement In Mnc

Question: Discuss about the End Project Module for Human Resource Mannagement In Mnc? Answer: What is a Multinational Corporation? United Nations defines a Multinational Corporation as follows: An enterprise which owns or controls production or service facilities outside the country in which it is based. Thus, MNCs are those business entities who conduct their operations not only in the country they belong to or headquartered in, but it also has its wings in more than one foreign country or state (host country). An MNC can be a service firm or manufacturer or can be a both. Examples: Toyota Motors, Microsoft, Google Inc., KFC, Pepsi Co., PG are few glaring examples of MNCs. Human Resource Management in MNCs: Like any ordinary human resource manager, the HR manager of multinational firm is also endowed with similar responsibilities of managing people, but with a little more additional duties .i.e., he does not only keep eye on HR issues of parent company, but also administers the same in subsidiaries companies operating outside the home country (Gomez and Sanchez, 2005). In other way around, he is also responsible for international management of human resources besides domestic HR duties. First of all, he has to check for the staffing needs of the corporation and to decide whether the people be hired, should belong to home country, host country or third country. Although every alternative has its own pros and cons. Secondly, he is responsible to make sure that designated HR policies should be compatible or at least does not conflict with the labor laws of receiving country. In short, International Human Resource Management not only comprises keeping e-record of employees, training, compensating, motivating, reinforcing them, resolving their grievances and improving their performances, but it also considers the in-depth knowledge of language, cultural, political, legal, economic, social and possible technological differences that exists across the countries, while formulating and implementing HR policies. For example, currency and forex rates, career aspirations of people, cultural dispositions, economic standards, labor availability, workers skill set and education, legal framework, political situation, labor laws, business etiquettes are some of the areas of major concern which a manager of MNC must never ignore. However, some corporations used to practice a common grand HR strategy for all its subsidiaries. But, as for now, world has become a compact global village and the Internet has entirely change the way once businesses were being conducted, one policy for all rule seems nothing more than an idiocy. In order to pave way for success, a country to country HRM strategy appears more promising today. Issues Faced by MNCs while Managing Human Resources: Following are some of the issues every MNC has to deal with: Cultural Factors: It is of no doubt that every country has its own set of beliefs and values. For Example, the Western culture is altogether different from Japanese Culture. Japanese people value group incentives, team work and equate loyalty with life time employment. While situation is totally opposite when it comes to US. American people are more inclined towards individualism and expect monetary gains in return for loyalty, commitment and performance. Japanese culture is more masculine in nature while this is not the case in Europe or States. Courtesy, manners, ethics, power distance, uncertainty carry different meaning and values in the two countries. Such cultural differences deeply influence the HR policies. For example, promoting the idea of individual incentives in Japan and group incentives in American employees will prove to be total disaster. However, doing vice versa can ensure desired outcomes. Moreover, in cases where the culture of home country is at daggers drawn from host country, its better to hire local people as they can better understand the behavioral dispositions of domestic customers Apart from that, commonality of culture would allow coworkers to empathize and comprehend each others problems in a thoughtful manner. Socio-Economic Factors: Other than culture, economic factors greatly influence HR policies. In a labor intensive economy, workers will be abundantly available. Hence, wages of workers will be low and majority of workforce tend to be low skilled and untrained in technology usage. Whereas on other hand in a capitalist economy, wages and salaries will be comparatively high, and employees would be well equipped with latest knowledge of tools and machineries. Same is the case with socialist verses capitalist economy. In socialist society, effort would be directed to engage more people in workforce while in capitalist HR policies would be aimed at improving efficiency and profits through cost cutting by laying off employees. Apart from that economic growth, interest rate, CPI, and standards of living, etc. highly influence the drafting and designing of compensation and benefit policies. Industrial Relation Factors: IR and labor laws vary dramatically from state to state and, thus significantly influences the HRM activities of an organization. Like, in Germany decision with consultation rule prevails. That is union and employees can raise their voices while HR policies at national and company level, are being formulated. While no such thing exists in Asian and African countries. Legislative Factors: Besides this, each and every country has its own legal framework in form of state constitution, municipal laws, international treaties and conventions to which every MNC is obliged to abide by. And, violation of which can lead to cancellation of her operations in the host country. For example, majority of the countries of the world are parties to international conventions on human rights act, child labor policy, and equal employment opportunity. Moreover, every country require MNCs to hire fixed percentage of its national in the company. Minimum wage and minimum leaves policy, child care policy, maternity leaves, Employee safety regulations all pose a great influence on determining HR strategy for a subsidiary company. Once Nike was found to get its footballs hand-stitched from very young-aged children, and Coca Cola intimidated its daily wage workers for boycotting the factory work and demanding the rise in their wages through trade unions. Both the corporations faced strong backlash for gross violation of human rights and child labor policy(Omondi, n.d.). Which resulted in loss of both business and reputation for the two. Apart from that, sometimes MNCs require employee from home country to be sent or posted in host country for effective management of operations in the subsidiary company. Such instances broaden the scope of human resource management in multinational company. Finding the right person, training him to work in global business ambiance, making necessary arrangements for him and his family for relocation, calculating the cost incurred in the whole process and offering three times higher salary then pre-departure on oversees assignment are some of the HR issues that come under the umbrella of IHRM policy making, particularly in case of Multinational business entities. Challenges and Potential Benefits of MNCs: Following are some of potential benefits of MNCs: Business Expansion expanding the reach to consumer market is one of the essential points of interest that the MNCs enjoy over organizations with operations constrained domestically. Greater availability of products and services in more extensive topographical areas permits the MNCs to have a bigger pool of potential clients and help them in growing, developing at a speedier pace when contrasted with other companies. Easy access to Cheap Labor MNCs help augmenting access to low-paid workforce. A firm having operations spread worldwide can have its generation units set up in nations where labor is inexpensive and abundant. China, India, and Pakistan are three countries where labor is cheap and readily available. Taxes and Tariffs Taxes are one of the aspects where an MNC predict great advantage. Numerous nations offer decreased tariffs on imports with a specific goal .i.e. to develop their trade ties internationally. Such steps bring about high net revenue for MNCs and brighten the business prospects for them. Increase access to resources -- MNCs is a way to gain access to raw resources and materials both financial and natural that are not available locally. Most of the governments sign deals with multinationals for mega projects. However, the government authorities provide them to access to finances and raw resources in exchange of skills and services. Innovation The industry gets most recent innovation from outside nations through MNCs which offer them some assistance in technology and capital machinery. Research and development MNCs strengthens the RD base of the country. Imports and exports MNC operations additionally help in enhancing the Balance of Payments. This can be accomplished by the promoting exports and discouraging the imports. Here are the challenges: Risk of loss as a consequence of war or nationalization: Global environment is highly volatile. Series of events such as rise of militant organizations, terrorist and suicide attacks, civil wars in Middle east, political turmoil create obstacles for many a MNCs to make entry in potential but risky emerging markets. For Example, great many multinationals lost their businesses during Russian invasion in Afghanistan. Sometimes, a wave of government reforms aimed at nationalization can take away major chunk of assets and profits from MNCs too(Hackett, n.d.). Change of Government: When government formed by one party goes, other political party takes its place. Such sort of political changes at times brings many amendments in industrial policies which may not favor the subsidiaries of MNC operating in concerned country. Such situation usually put the MNC in dilemma and create obstacle in smooth completion of business operations. Criticism from local people: Local nationals at times severely criticize MNCs as they deem it exploitation of their home resources and a source of undue competition that curtails their business profits by a great margin, eventually making them loose business. Restricted flow of Income: Sometimes host countries take steps to discourage the flow of profits earned by MNCs to travel to the home country, as the receiving country consider it as the loss of economy. Other disadvantages include red-taps, legal constraints, unstable foreign exchange market of host country, etc. Factors that impact the strategy and structure of MNCS: Geographical location and economic status of the home country, customer needs and demands, organizational objectives, cultural factors, trends and regulations of home and host country pose significant influence on strategy and structure of MNCs (Scullion and Linehan, 2005). Influence of IHRM on transfer and share of knowledge and control: In todays knowledge driven economy, transfer and share of knowledge among the various units of organizations within and across the border is crucial to sustainable business growth. In this regard, HRM is an important tool for transfer and share of knowledge within a MNC. Widespread usage of HRM techniques like performance management, training and career development, merit and performance based compensation and promotions and well defined incentive systems and effective internal communication promote flow of knowledge(Minbaeva, n.d.). Some examples are: Aligning pay with the performance convey organizational vision to employees. Training enables to improving the existing skill-base of employee and increase absorptive capacity Other than share of knowledge, HR tactics facilitate control. For example performance assessment that leads to demotion and negative feedback stops the employee from doing the things that lead to such consequences and provoke to do right things. Similarly, training is also another way to exercise control. It enhances knowledge base and skills of employee and tells the way the direction and way to act in that that could improve individual performance and ensures the attainment of organizational objectives. Google Reward system: According to Fortune magazine and Great Place to Work Institute report of 2014, Google was named the Best Place to Work For. With 50,000 employees it serves millions of people all around the globe. It has following reward systems to motivate its employees to deliver their best performances. Peer Bonus Spot Bonus Massage Credits Annual Review Employee Promotion Stock Grants and Refreshes Holiday Gifts Team Rewards All the bonuses, rewards and gifts are performance based. Employees have to work very hard to get them. References Gomez, C. and Sanchez, J. (2005). Human resource control in MNCs: a study of the factors influencing the use of formal and informal control mechanisms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(10), pp.1847-1861. Hackett, C. (n.d.). The Challenge of MNCs and Development. SSRN Electronic Journal. Mellahi, K., Frynas, J. and Collings, D. (2015). 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Available at: https://www.quora.com/Googlers-Google-employees/What-sort-of-rewards-recognitions-does-Google-offer-to-their-employees-How-do-you-earn-them [Accessed 5 Mar. 2016].